Niyati Rajesh Shah, Beta Sai Siddartha, Akkineni Sreshta and Sai Mukund Koneru

Hypothalamic obesity (HO), which results from dysfunction or damage to the hypothalamus, is often characterized by uncontrollable weight gain, altered metabolic function, and an increased risk of associated comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Karan Bir Singh, Krithika Muthyala, Daniel Pierotti, Brett Martin, Esther Morrison, Matthew Pearson and Omar Alkharabsheh

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) primarily affects the lymphatic system; however, extranodal involvement occurs in approximately 10% of cases. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, though rare, can present in various forms, including intracranial, epidural, leptomeningeal, and intramedullary spinal cord involvement.

Sarah Murad, Mohammad Alsayed, Bilal Rammal, Salah Shihata, Danah Krimli and Stephen Murphy

Renal transplantation is recognized as the optimal treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), offering improved survival rates and quality of life compared to dialysis. However, renal transplant recipients face a significantly increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with a risk approximately five to six times higher than that of the general population.

Kanza Mirza, Matthew Stewart, Stefan Knezevic and Daniele Wiseman

Clinicians often use noxious stimuli to assess consciousness in patients with impaired levels. The sternal rub and trapezius squeeze test (TST) induce nociceptive signals, with the sternal rub being more commonly used. However, due to its risk of causing abrasive injury, the TST has become the preferred technique.

Swati Malik, Joseph Wise, Kamran Ali and Paul Fisher

Distinguishing osteomyelitis from malignant etiologies poses significant challenges due to similarity in clinical presentations and imaging findings. This is even more difficult in the pediatric population, in which reliance on patient history may be limited.

Yadhunandana Prabhakara, Nihar Madhavaram and Madgula Niharika Sarma

The gallbladder is commonly examined for incidental findings. Since gallbladder malignancy has a poor prognosis, distinguishing benign from malignant lesions is crucial. Radiologists and sonographers should therefore be aware of common gallbladder incidental findings, which will undoubtedly increase with increasing medical imaging use.

Paula Gamero Kubota, MD, Robert Wagner, MD, Christopher Molvar, MD, James Halama, PhD and Judy R. James, PhD

Accurate Lung Shunt Fraction (LSF) is essential for safe Yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization (TARE) treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in patients with ascites. However, traditional 2D imaging might be inaccurate for LSF calculation in this population.

Alluri Vignatha, Divya Viraajitha Vurutha, Shrilekha, Ramireddy Sulekha and Arya Raveendran

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) involves multiple organ systems in the body with endocrine involvement being a rare manifestation. The first endocrine manifestation of APS is adrenal insufficiency (AI) in the majority of the cases.

Juka S. Kim, Isabel K. Eng, Janis M. Yee, Margaret Lee, Monica Deshmukh and Mariam Thomas

Distinguishing the origin of mediastinal masses as pericardial or paracardial is difficult and has significant implications for subsequent treatment.

Bastiaan J. Viergever, Esther Strating, Marnix Lam, Onno Kranenburg and Richard P. Meijer

Currently, FDG-PET/CT scans are used in advanced bladder cancer patients to identify metastatic lesions. Unfortunately, FDG-PET/CT displays relatively low sensitivity in detecting metastatic disease in these patients, resulting in open-and-close operations due to unexpected metastatic disease.